Model-Based Benchmarking with Application to Laboratory Buildings

The most common method of benchmarking energy use in buildings is to compare the energy use of the building under consideration with the energy use of a population of like buildings. Usually there is some empirical compensation for features and factors that affect energy use such as the size of the building and the weather conditions. Two fundamental limitations of this approach are: 1) only similar kinds of buildings can be compared, and 2) the entire population may be inefficient, which would cause many inefficient buildings to be rated as efficient. The first limitation is important when benchmarking laboratory buildings because there is no public database of energy use and building features that can be used to construct empirical benchmarks for laboratories. The second limitation is also important because there is evidence that energy-consuming processes in laboratory buildings, especially HVAC systems, are inefficient because of highly conservative design practices. This paper describes a benchmarking method that is fundamentally different than the method described above. The principle of the new method is to construct a benchmark that represents the minimum amount of energy required to meet a set of basic functional requirements of the building. These requirements include code-compliant environmental controls, adequate lighting, etc. The benchmark is computed based on idealized models of equipment and system performance. Using idealized models produces a benchmark that is independent of design and easy to compute. Once the benchmark has been computed for a single building, an effectiveness metric is computed by dividing the model-based benchmark by the actual consumption. This metric, or its inverse, can be compared with the metrics of other buildings. Since functional requirements have been incorporated into the benchmark, it is possible to compare the performance of dissimilar buildings, or buildings that have rare or unique functional requirements. The performance of the model-based benchmarking method was compared with two alternative methods based on the ability to predict actual energy use. Using building energy data from the UC Berkeley campus, it was shown that the model-based benchmarking method was more accurate when a combination of laboratory and non-laboratory buildings was analyzed.